What effect did alcohol have on Native American societies post-Contact?

The correct choice highlights that alcohol significantly contributed to social disruption and increased violence within Native American societies after European contact. The introduction of alcohol, often in the form of spirits from European traders, had a profound impact on the social fabric of many Native American communities. This new substance, to which many Native peoples had little prior exposure, led to detrimental effects including addiction, social strife, and a breakdown of traditional communal structures.

The influx of alcohol often intensified conflicts, as it could lead to aggressive behavior and impaired judgment. Additionally, it undermined social cohesion, as individuals became more preoccupied with consumption rather than community responsibilities. This disruption was compounded by the broader societal changes occurring during this period, including the displacement of tribes and the pressures of economic competition with European settlers. Thus, the effects of alcohol in these societies extend beyond mere consumption, contributing to a cycle of violence and disintegration during a time of immense transformation and hardship for Native Americans.